Not so long ago the
international public was being led to interpret the current Catalan conflict as
a nationalist one connected to the most disastrous past in the history of
twentieth-century Europe. The ghosts of past wars blurred the vision as to what
was really at stake. The events of these last days have begun to dismantle this
interpretative framework. They urge us to revise the dominant superficial
interpretation which may have caused the troubling reticence of much of the
international public to consider this case nothing more than a localized,
domestic affair. What has become clear in the past few days, irrespective of
the positions for or against the independence of Catalonia, is the tension
between the authoritarian inertia of a certain understanding of state power, on
the one hand and on the other – the existence of precarious but determined
attempts to build political strategies oriented towards the normative horizon
of our democracies.
Over the last years, the
majority of Catalan society (60% according to the last 2015 elections; roughly
80% according to official surveys) has repeatedly expressed the will to decide
democratically its own political status. Faced with this demand, the Spanish
state, which can by no means be seen as either embodying or expressing the
diverse sensibilities and political aspirations of Spanish society as a whole,
has systemically neglected its political obligations.
1. The Spanish state has
rejected all attempts at negotiations for holding a legal and mutually agreed
upon referendum on self-determination, thus denying the depth of the conflict
in Catalonia. Moreover, the same state now condemns this referendum for not
being reliable or legally binding, but they have consistently opposed the
possibility of providing the legal framework to make it so.
2. Despite the parliamentary
impossibility of legally declaring a state of exception, as outlined in the
Spanish Constitution of 1978, the Spanish executive power has undermined the
rule of law by applying de facto measures fully consistent with a state of
exception in order to prevent the October 1 referendum convened by the
Parliament of Catalonia. This has effectively turned the Spanish state into
what some contemporary thinkers have labelled a rogue or authoritarian state:
- The right of assembly and demonstration has been limited both in Catalonia and in Spain and civil organizations are prosecuted for sedition.
- Public officials and senior elected officials have been arrested for coordinating the logistics of the referendum.
- More than 700 mayors, out of 948 in total, have been summoned to trial that can result in their disqualification for the exercise of public office.
- The media have been registered by the police to limit the right to a free press whereas journalists and intellectuals are threatened by the Spanish state for having informed the public about the referendum.
- Parliamentary political parties such as the CUP (Popular Unity Candidacy) are under police surveillance.
- Voting materials (ballots, electoral information, etc.) have been confiscated and premises of private companies have been searched without judicial order.
- Public access to websites related to the referendum is censored.
- Freedom of political opinion and communication has been violated systematically and gravely.
The overcoming of the rule of
law by the state power contradicts the founding principles of a democratic
constitutional European state, which is the outcome of two processes: first,
the fulfillment of the democratic aspirations of modern European societies and
second, ending arbitrary state actions.
For all these reasons, we call
on our fellow citizens in other countries to condemn the authoritarian logic
and actions that are being mobilized in Catalonia at this moment. In
particular, we urge our European neighbors to speak up in favor of holding a
referendum in Catalonia to be both a concrete instrument to overcome the
authoritarian logic that has so often destroyed the lives of modern political
societies and, from a European perspective, a way to move towards a
post-national political culture in which conflicts of this sort can be decided
through non-violent procedures.
Supports
1 | Abat Ninet | Antoni | Law | University of Copenhagen | Denmark |
2 | Alberio | Marco | Sociologist | Université du Québec | Québec |
3 | Amoroso | Daniele | International Law | Università degli Studi di Cagliari | Italy |
4 | Bacci | Claudia | Sociologist | Universidad de Buenos Aires | Argentina |
5 | Balibar | Étienne | Philosopher | Université Paris-Ouest-Nanterre-La-Défense | France |
6 | Balibrea | Mari | Cultural and Language Studies | University of London | UK |
7 | Bégout | Bruce | Philosopher | Université Bordeaux III | France |
8 | Bekeris | Eugenia | Artist | Argentina | |
9 | Belo | Fernando | Philosopher | Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa | Portugal |
10 | Benarroch | Jerôme | Poet & Photographer | Institut Universitaire Elie Wiesel | France |
11 | Benhabib | Seyla | Philosopher | Yale University | US |
12 | Bermúdez | Silvia | Iberian Studies | University of California-Santa Barbara | US |
13 | Bertomeus | Sara | Architecture | University of Illinois | US |
14 | Bertran-Xirau | Lluís | Musicology | Université de Poitiers | France |
15 | Blokker | Paul | Sociology | Charles University Prague | Czech Republic |
16 | Blusseau | Anne-Laure | Editor and Translator | Le Collectif et associés | France |
17 | Bognar | Botond | Architecture | University of Illinois | US |
18 | Bollack | Emmanuelle | Artist | France | |
19 | Bomheker | Mario | Filmmaker | Argentina | |
20 | Bookchin | Natalie | Artist | Rutgers University | US |
21 | Bou | Enric | Cultural and Language Studies | Università Ca’ Foscari | Italy |
22 | Braunstein | Néstor | Psychoanalyst | Argentina | |
23 | Brown | Wendy | Political Theorist | University of California Berkeley | US |
24 | Brubaker | Rogers | Sociologist | UCLA Los Angeles | US |
25 | Bullock | Robert | Writer | US | |
26 | Bullot | Érik | Artist | ENSA Bourges | France |
27 | Cahloun | Craig | Sociologist | President of the Berggruen Institute | US |
28 | Cantinho | Maria | Philosopher | Universidade Clássica de Lisboa | Portugal |
29 | Capdevila | Carlos Rubén | Journalist | Argentina | |
30 | Carbonell | Adrià | KTH Royal Institute of Technology | Sweden | |
31 | Castan Pinos | Jaume | Political Science | University of Southern Denmark | Denmark |
32 | Castro | Algusto | Philosopher | Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru | Peru |
33 | Cataldi | Pietro | Literature | Rettore dell’Università per Stranieri di Siena | Italy |
34 | Celikates | Robin | Philosopher | University of Amsterdam | Germany |
35 | Centeno | Yvette | Poet & Essayist | Portugal | |
36 | Chaparro Amaya | Adolfo | Philosopher | Universidad del Rosario | Colombia |
37 | Ciriza | Alejandra | Historian | Universidad Nacional de Cuyo | Argentina |
38 | Colazzo | Salvatore | Pedagogy | Universitá de Salento | Italy |
39 | Correia | Adriano | Philosopher | Universidade Federal de Goiás | Brazil |
40 | Cortés | Alexis | Sociologist | Universidad Alberto Hurtado | Chile |
41 | de Sousa Santos | Boaventura | Social Sciences | Universidade de Coimbra | Portugal |
42 | Delanty | Gerard | Sociologist | Sussex University | UK |
43 | Delgado | Elena | Literary Theory | University of Illinois | US |
44 | della Porta | Donnatella | Sociology and Political Sciences | Scuola Normale Superiore Firenze | Italy |
45 | Di Tullio | Anabella | Philosopher | Universidad de Buenos Aires | Argentina |
46 | Diani | Mario | Sociologist | University of Trento | Italy |
47 | Dlamini | Jacob | Historian | Princeton | South Africa |
48 | Dominijanni | Ida | Journalist/Independent Scholar | Italy | |
49 | Doughney | James | Economist | Victoria University | Australia |
50 | Elalouf | Clara | Filmmaker | France | |
51 | Epps | Brad | Modern Languages | University of Cambridge | UK |
52 | Fassin | Eric | Political Theorist | Université Paris VIII | France |
53 | Faver | Hector | Filmmaker | Argentina | |
54 | Fedi | Beatrice | Literature | Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” | Italy |
55 | Feldman | Sharon | Iberian Studies | University of Richmond | US |
56 | Ferraiuolo | Gennaro | Law | Università di Napoli Federico II | Italy |
57 | Ferroni | Matteo | Artist | Switzerland | |
58 | Fischer | Hervé | Artist | Québec | |
59 | Forcini | Marisa | Philosopher | Università del Salento | Italy |
60 | Fornari | Maria | Philosopher | Università del Salento | Italy |
61 | Forti | Simona | Philosopher | Università del Piemonte Orientale | Italy |
62 | Fraisse | Geneviève | Philosopher | directrice de recherche émérite CNRS | France |
63 | Friis Hau | Mark | European Studies | Aarhus University | Denmkark |
64 | Gabilondo | Joseba | Romance and Classical Studies | Michigan State University | US |
65 | Gagnon | Alain-G. | Political Theorist | Université du Québec | Québec |
66 | Gallant | Nicole | Sociology | INRS Centre Urbanisation Culture Société | France |
67 | Glick | Thomas | Historian | Boston University | US |
68 | Godmilow | Jill | Filmmaker | US | |
69 | Gómez | Patricia | Gender and Feminist Studies | Universidad de Buenos Aires | Argentina |
70 | Gondicas | Myrto | Poet & Translator | France | |
71 | Greenberg | Michael | Writer | US | |
72 | Greenfeld | Liah | Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology | Boston University | US |
73 | Gregoratto | Federica | Philosopher | University of St. Gallen | Switzerland |
74 | Grossman | Évelyne | Philosopher | Université Paris VII | France |
75 | Grueso | Delfín | Philosopher | Universidad del Valle | Colombia |
76 | Guaraldo | Olivia | Philosopher | Università di Verona | Italy |
77 | Handelman | Marc | Arts | Rutgers University | US |
78 | Hardt | Michael | Political Theorist | Duke University | US |
79 | Harrington | Thomas | Hispanic Studies | Trinity College Hartford | US |
80 | Haug | Wolfgang | Philosopher | Free University Berlin | Germany |
81 | Higginbottom | Andrew | Political Economist | Kingston University | UK |
82 | Howard | Dick | Philosopher | Stony Brook University | US |
83 | Hroch | Miroslav | Historian | Charles University Prague | Czech Republic |
84 | Hutchinson | John | Historian and Sociologist | London School of Economics | UK |
85 | Ichijo | Atsuko | Sociologist | Kingston University | Japan |
86 | Illas | Edgar | Critical Studies | Indiana University | US |
87 | Ivekovic | Rada | Philosopher | University Jean Monnet – St.Etienne | Croatia |
88 | Jerez Farran | Carlos Jerez | Romance Languages | University of Notre Dame | US |
89 | Joaquim | Teresa | Anthropologist & Sociologist | Universidade Aberta | Portugal |
90 | Jugnon | Alain | Philosopher | Lycée La Prat’s de Cluny | France |
91 | Kaufmann | Eric | Polical Theory | University of London | UK |
92 | Kellerer | Sidonie | Philosopher | Universität zu Köln | Germany |
93 | Keown | Dominic | Modern and Medieval Languages | University of Cambridge | UK |
94 | Khomyakov | Maxim | Philosopher | Ural Federal University | Russia |
95 | Krauel | Javier | Iberian Studies | University of Colorado Boulder | US |
96 | Lagomarsini | Claudio | Philology | Università di Siena | Italy |
97 | Laks | André | Hellenist | Universidad Panamericana | France |
98 | Lanutti | Maria | Musicology | Università di Pavia | Italy |
99 | Larios | Jordi | Modern Languages | University of St Andrews | Scotland |
100 | Larrea | Ana Maria | Philosopher | Faculdad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales | Ecuador |
101 | Laurenzi | Elena | Philosopher | Università de Salento | Italy |
102 | Lazzarato | Maurizio | Sociologist and Philosopher | Université Pantheon-Sorbonne | Italy |
103 | Lecis | Luca | Historian | University of Cagliari | Italy |
104 | Lefèvre | Sylvie | Literature | Université Paris-Sorbonne | France |
105 | Leibovici | Martine | Philosopher | Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7 | France |
106 | Leonardi | Lino | Literature | Istituto CNR Opera del Vocabolario Italiano | Italy |
107 | Levi | Giovanni | Historian | Università Ca’ Foscari | Italy |
108 | Liakos | Antonis | Historian | University of Athens | Greece |
109 | Lunati | Montserrat | Modern Languages | University of St Andrews | Scotland |
110 | Malabou | Catherine | Philosopher | Kingston University | France |
111 | Mayer Foulkes | Benjamín | Psychoanalyst | Instituto de Estudios Criticos | Mexico |
112 | Menon | Dilip | Indian Studies | University of the Witwatersrand | South Africa |
113 | Mezzadra | Sandro | Political Theorist | Western Sidney University | Italy |
114 | Mills | Charles W. | Political Theorist | City University of New York | US |
115 | Miorelli | Romina | Latin American Studies | University of Westminster | UK |
116 | Mota | Aurea | Sociologist | FP/Clacso | Brazil |
117 | Mouzakitis | Angelos | Political Theorist | Crete University | Greece |
118 | Moverman | Oren | Filmmaker | US | |
119 | Nassif | Jacques | Psychoanalyst | France | |
120 | Nedimovic | Svjetlana | Philosopher | Mirovna Akademija | Bosnia |
121 | Negri | Antonio | Sociologist & Philosopher | Italy | |
122 | Neyrat | Frédéric | Philosopher | University of Wisconsin-Madison | US |
123 | Nossiter | Jonathan | Filmmaker | US | |
124 | Olviedo | Alvaro | Anthropologist | Universidad Javeriana | Colombia |
125 | Ossman | Sussan | Anthropologist | University of California Riverside | US |
126 | Oxley | Lisa | Arts | University of California | US |
127 | Oyarzun | Pablo | Philosopher | Universidad de Chile | Chile |
128 | Porcel | Beatriz | Philosopher | Universidad de Rosario | Argentina |
129 | Quintyn | Olivier | Philosopher | France | |
130 | Rabinovich | Silvana | Philosopher | UNAM | Mexico |
131 | Ramon Resina | Joan | Iberian Studies | Stanford University | US |
132 | Reeves | Eoin | Economist | University of Limerick | Ireland |
133 | Rei-Doval | Gabriel | Iberian Studies | University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee | US |
134 | Rigobon | Patrizio | Literature | Università Ca’ Foscari | Italy |
135 | Rodriguez | Eunice | Health Studies | Stanford University | US |
136 | Romano-Sued | Susana | Essayist and Poet | Argentina | |
137 | Ross | Duncan | Social Scientist | University of Glasgow | Scotland |
138 | Rueda | Eduardo | Social Scientist | Pontificia Universidad Javeriana | Colombia |
139 | Saetta Cottone | Rossella | Hellenist | CNRS – Univ. Paris-Sorbonne | Italy |
140 | Safatle | Vladimir | Philosopher | Universidade de São Paulo | Brazil |
141 | Sahlins | Peter | Historian | Berkeley University | US |
142 | Salles | Walter | Filmmaker | Brazil | |
143 | Santana | Mario | Literature | University of Chicago | US |
144 | Santos | Gonçalo | Philosopher | Universidade de Lisboa | Portugal |
145 | Särkelä | Arvi | Philosopher | University of Luzern | Switzerland |
146 | Segré | Ivan | Philosopher | France | |
147 | Silva | Manuel | Musicology | Universidade Nova de Lisboa | Portugal |
148 | Sirczuk | Matías | Philosopher | Universidad de Buenos Aires | Argentina |
149 | Smit | Tanja | Artist | Holland | |
150 | Song | Rosi | Cultural and Language Studies | Bryn Mawr College | US |
151 | Stegmann | Tilbert | Literature | Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main | Germany |
152 | Stimilli | Elettra | Philosopher | Università di Roma La Sapienza | Italy |
153 | Strong | Tracy | Philosopher | UCSD Distinguished Professor | US |
154 | Szendy | Peter | Philosopher | Brown University | France |
155 | Szentpéteri | Márton | Intellectual historian | Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design | Hungary |
156 | Tejel | Jordi | Historian | University of Neuchâtel | Switzerland |
157 | Todd | Jennifer | Political Scientist | University College Dublin | Ireland |
158 | Traverso | Enzo | Historian | Cornell University | Italy |
159 | Ventura | Simone | Philology | King’s College London | Italy |
160 | Venza | Claudio | Historian | Università di Trieste | Italy |
161 | Vilarós-Soler | Teresa | Iberian Studies | Texas A&M University | US |
162 | Villaviciencio | Susana | Philosopher | Universidad de Buenos Aires | Argentina |
163 | Wilson | Roderick | History and Cultural Studies | University of Illinois | US |
164 | Wögerbauer | Werner | German Studies | Université de Nantes | France |
165 | Wolin | Richard | Historian & Political Philosopher | CUNY | US |
166 | Zamboni | Chiara | Philosopher | University of Verona | Italy |
167 | Zelik | Raul | Political Theorist | Universität Kassel | Germany |
168 | Zengotitabengoa | Beatriz | Art historian | University of Michigan | US |
169 | Zerilli | Linda | Political Theorist | University of Chicago | US |
170 | Zertal | Idith | Political Theorist | Université de Basel | Israel |
171 | Zinelli | Fabio | Literature | Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes | France |
172 | Zurn | Christopher | Philosopher | University of Massachusetts | US |
1 | Aiestaran | Ignazio | Philosopher | University of the Basque Country | Donostia-San Sebastián |
2 | Alberni | Anna | Literary Studies | Universitat de Barcelona | |
3 | Armanini | Stefano | Photographer | Italy | |
4 | Artigas | Jordi | Musician | ||
5 | Balcells | Gerard | Glass Artist | ||
6 | Berlinguer | Marco | Political Theorist | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
7 | Birulés | Fina | Philosophy | Universitat de Barcelona | |
8 | Bohigas | Maria | Editor | ||
9 | Bussières | Sylvie | Visual Artist | Canada | |
10 | Canal | Sandra | Journalist | ||
11 | Cantarella | Laura | Researcher and Photographer | Italy | |
12 | Casale | Roger | Founder of New Europeans and former MP for Wimbledon | UK | |
13 | Casas Prat | Mercè | Environmental sciences | Environment and Climate Change Canada | |
14 | Casassas | David | Sociologist | Universitat de Barcelona | |
15 | Dardik | Alejandro | Editor | ||
16 | Dean | Mary Jean | Artist | US | |
17 | Diez | Filipe | Professor & Researcher | Ensino Médio na Galiza/Universidade do Minho | Portugal |
18 | Díez | Xavier | Historian | Universitat Ramon Llull | |
19 | Dobau | Antón | Writer | ||
20 | Eguía Lis | Alejandro | Professor | Instituto Universitario Kukulcan | Mexico |
21 | Elias | Marina | Sociologist | Universitat de Barcelona | |
22 | Errasti Lopez | Ander | Political Philosopher | Globernance: Institute of Democratic Governance | Donostia-San Sebastián |
23 | Feher | Michel | Philosopher | Zone Books / Cette France-là | |
24 | Ferrer | Cristian | Historian | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
25 | Ferrés | Miquel | Musician and Translator | ||
26 | Flaquer | Lluís | Sociologist | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
27 | Foguet i Boreu | Francesc | Philosophy | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
28 | Font | Laura | Secondary History Teacher | ||
29 | Fontcuberta | Joan | Visual Artist | ||
30 | Fuster | Mayo | Activist & Social Researcher | Universitat Oberta de Catalunya | |
31 | Fuster Peiró | À. Lorena | Philosophy | Universitat de Barcelona | |
32 | Gallardo | Laurent | Iberian Studies | Université Grenoble Alpes | France |
33 | Garcés | Marina | Philosopher | Universidad de Zaragoza | |
34 | García Nogueroles | Juan | High School Teacher | Generarlitat de Catalunya | |
35 | Georgiev | Iliyan | Economist | University of Bologna | Italy |
36 | González | Juan Carlos | Philosopher | UAB UB UNED | |
37 | Gonzàlez Collantes | Carla | Journalist | ||
38 | González Fernández | Helena | Galician and Portuguese Studies | Universitat de Barcelona | |
39 | Guillamet | Francesc | Photographer | ||
40 | Guillumet | Jordi | |||
41 | Jané | Oscar | Historian | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
42 | Jiménez Torregrosa | Lorena | Pedagogy | Universitat de Barcelona | |
43 | Jujol | Anabel | Arts | ||
44 | Kremser | Stefanie | Writer | Germany | |
45 | Laín | Bru | Sociology | Universitat de Barcelona | |
46 | Ledo Andión | Margarita | Writer and Journalist | ||
47 | Llum Vidal | Blanca | Poet | ||
48 | López | Miguel | Chief Curator | TEOR/éTica | Costa Rica |
49 | Madaula | Aurora | Historian | Universitat de Barcelona | |
50 | Martí-Jufresa | Antoni | Musician and Translator | ||
51 | Martí-Jufresa | Felip | Philosophy | École Beaux Arts Toulouse | |
52 | Marzo | Jorge | Art Historian | BAU College of Design | |
53 | Masó | Joana | Critical Literary Studies | Universitat de Barcelona | |
54 | Miras Boronat | Núria Sara | Philosopher | Universitat de Barcelona | |
55 | Moncusí | Albert | Sociologist | Universitat de València | |
56 | Muñoz | Jordi | Political Theorist | Universitat de Barcelona | |
57 | Muñoz | Gustau | Editor | Universitat de Barcelona | |
58 | Olmos | Vicent | Editor | Afers Editorial | |
59 | Paez | Roger | Architect and Researcher | ||
60 | Paez | Eze | Philosopher | University of Minho / Pompeu Fabra University | |
61 | Pagani | Samuela | Arab Language & Literature | Università del Salento | Italy |
62 | Palouzie | ||||
63 | Paluzie | Elisenda | Economist | Universitat de Barcelona | |
64 | Pigem | Jordi | Philosopher | Catalonia | |
65 | Poch | Julia | Cultural Studies | ||
66 | Pons | Arnau | Translator & Poet | ||
67 | Portabella Clotet | David | Engineer | EPFL | Switzerland |
68 | Pujol | Enric | Historian | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
69 | Raventós | Daniel | Sociologist | Universitat de Barcelona | |
70 | Recasens | Josefina | Sociologist | Universitat de Barcelona | |
71 | Ribó | Ignasi | Semiotics & Literary Theory | Mae Fah Luang University | |
72 | Rivas | Manuel | Writer and Journalist | ||
73 | Romero | Lourdes | Historian | UNAM | Mexico |
74 | Rosado | Pilar | Artist & Researcher | Universitat de Barcelona | |
75 | Rosich | Gerard | Musician and Philosopher | Universitat de Barcelona | |
76 | Roumier | Théo | Labour Unionist | ||
77 | Salaberria | Ibon | Architect | University of the Basque Country | |
78 | Salellas Bosch | Alfons | Philosopher | Brasil | |
79 | Sanjaume | Marc | |||
80 | Santana | Sandra | Philosopher | Universidad de Barcelona | |
81 | Scandurra | Rosario | Political Science | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | |
82 | Segarra | Marta | Critical Literary Studies | CNRS | |
83 | Serrano | Just | Political Theorist | Institute for Social Research | |
84 | Silber | Stefan | Theologist | Germany | |
85 | Smit | Tanja | Artist | Netherlands | |
86 | Straehle | Edgar | Philosopher and Historian | Universitat de Barcelona | |
87 | Taibo | Carlos | Political Theorist | Universidad Autònoma de Madrid | Spain |
88 | Torrent | Lola | |||
89 | Trzaskalik | Tim | Translator | Germany | |
90 | Ulibarri | Sergio | Receptionist and Cashier | CMI | |
91 | Vega | Cristian | Musician and Philosopher | ||
92 | Velasco | Alberto | Art Historian | Universitat de Lleida |